Vnitr Lek 2026, 72(6):E11-E15 | DOI: 10.36290/vnl.2026.078

Hematoncology treatment toxicity

Simona Pavúková^{1, 2}, Roman Králik¹, Juraj Payer¹, Ľuboš Drgoňa²

¹ V. interná klinika LF UK a UNB, Nemocnica Ružinov, Bratislava

² Klinika onkohematológie LF UK, Národný onkologický ústav, Bratislava

Modern anticancer therapy, including conventional chemotherapy, targeted biological treatment, and immunotherapy, has significantly improved survival rates for patients with hematological and oncological malignancies. However, despite their high therapeutic efficacy, these modalities impose a substantial burden on the organism and are associated with a wide spectrum of adverse effects. Among the most frequent and clinically significant complications are hematotoxicity, organ toxicities - particularly cardiotoxicity, pneumotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity - and specific immune-related adverse events. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these complications, ensuring their early diagnosis, implementing effective management, and monitoring long-term late effects in survivors are crucial to minimizing morbidity and preserving quality of life both during and after treatment. This review is tailored for general internists, facilitating clinical orientation in this patient population.

Keywords: cardiotoxicity, hematotoxicity, hematooncology, internal medicine.

Accepted: September 16, 2026; Published: October 2, 2026  Show citation